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[Music]

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[Applause]

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Thank You per se and please stick around

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for the discussion after my talk so I

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want to kind of talk about salts and

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wrap them up across the solar system so

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this morning we had a discussion about

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brines predominantly here on earth and

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habitability there we talked a lot about

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Mars in this session I will also talk

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about Mars but also thinking into

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further in across the solar system so

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here I have two images on the left is

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Columbus crater on Mars and it's one of

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these great Paleo Lake examples you can

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even see the salt ring deposited as a

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bathtub ring as it evaporated and then

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on the right you wrote by which I'll

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talk a little bit about as well so first

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very briefly if you're in this session

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you probably know about salts but

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chlorine salts in particular have a wide

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variety of flavors we have chlorides

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which is just CL minus all the way up to

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the highly oxidated perchlorate CLO 4

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I'll just note that hypochlorite that's

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bleach NaCl o is bleach chlorite these

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are both very they're not very stable so

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they're mostly intermediate processes

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into the formation of chlorate and

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perchlorate which are fairly equally

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stable so during formation you end up

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with both chlorate and perchlorate in

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about equal amounts everywhere you find

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one you find the other and just about

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equal amounts so the things the three

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cells that were most interested in are

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going to be chlorides chlorates

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and perchlorates and the reason that

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it's really important to distinguish

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between the different types of chlorine

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salts and the different types of salts

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in general is because they all have a

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different effect on the activity of

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water freezing point and just the

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general stability and habitability so

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here you can see a table of different

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salts and their eutectic temperatures

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which is just one of many things that

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affect habitability but obviously when

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we start talking about the solar system

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getting to temperatures where

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water can exist that's kind of you know

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step zero step one and sulfates and

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carbonates which have been the

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predominant salts found across the solar

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system on Mars

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Europa they don't lower the freezing

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point as much as chlorine salts do and

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you can see here as has been much talked

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about in this session calcium

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perchlorate down here at the very bottom

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at 198 Kelvin but you can see even some

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of the other magnesium chlorate and

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perchlorate calcium chloride etc going

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up here my knees iam sulfate a much

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favored salt on both Mars and Europe a

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seen in a lot of places it only lowers

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it by four so it's not as it doesn't

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extend the stability range as much as

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some of the other chlorine salts and

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then of course chlorine salts can also

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be a source of energy here's just a

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diagram to kind of visually represent

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this so of course on earth we have pure

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liquid water freezes at zero C it boils

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at 100 unless you live in Flagstaff I do

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and then I boils at 93 Celsius and this

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is exactly why the stability on Mars is

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so reduced because the boiling point is

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dependent on pressure ya mysteric

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pressure and so on Mars the sir the

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boiling point is only 10 C however if

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you look at a saturated a eutectic

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composition of magnesium perchlorate you

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can get freezing temperatures down to

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minus 67 Celsius and you actually also

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extend the boiling temperature up to 24

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C so you're really extending the range

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of stability in both directions for

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temperature and just for comparison this

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would be like magnesium sulfate it

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doesn't extend the the boiling point at

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all and as I mentioned only four degrees

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below pure so another example of why

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salts are so cool is this deliquescent

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thing that everyone's been talking about

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so here's a video of it this was taken

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in a chamber at the University of

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Arkansas and this is magnesium

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perchlorate you can see it's actually

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you know fairly humid it's fairly warm

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and I will note this is an 18 hour time

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lapse so as we start over from the

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beginning you can see that the droplets

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start to form almost immediately but it

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does take over the course of 18 hours

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you still don't have all of it

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deliquescent and this is at a very high

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much higher than the deliquescent

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relative humidity that we've seen in

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some of these other talks in a much

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warmer temperature so even at these

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relatively benign conditions it still

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takes almost a day for the majority of

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the salt to Delic west so thinking about

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whether life can even utilize these

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salts or tolerate you know there's been

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a lot of discussion in the earth

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community about that microbial community

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has been found to thrive and my knees

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and chloride rich brines this was down

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to an activity of 0.63 I will note that

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they found sodium and this whole fate in

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there as well so that could have a

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mediating effect on this magnesium

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chloride so again activity is not the

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end-all be-all determination for

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habitability of the brines

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but still having them you know seeing

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where we can extend the limits we've

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seen bacteria metabolize down to 18%

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NaCl and - 25 C and then one of the my

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favorite stories stories telling this

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picture here is hey light crusts and so

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this Davila at all 2008 one here

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went to the Atacama Desert and measured

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basically how many times it rained in a

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year and they found that it rained once

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and so that's about six hours total of

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liquid water event however in these

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halite crystals

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we've talked a lot about deliquescent

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this is just NaCl the relative humidity

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the deliquescent relative humidity is 75

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percent so the amount of times that it

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crossed 75 percent relative mini was 57

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so 57 events where there it was liquid

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inside these hey light crusts for the

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microbes to utilize that water versus

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one event of rainfall outside of it and

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then there's examples of perchlorate and

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chlorate reducing bacteria so chlorine

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salts are pretty interesting and

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potentially tolerable to some sorts of

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life so where have these chlorine salts

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been found in particular perchlorates so

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they've been measured by the Phoenix

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mission by the wet chemistry lab and

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then in Gale Crater by curiosity on

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earth as mentioned they are pretty rare

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in fact accumulating only in these hyper

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arid environments like the Antarctic

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Atacama Desert or u.s. Southwest and

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they tend to be formed by oxidation so

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how do we find them unless we actually

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send a mission there and so one way

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would be through remote sensing and if

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you look at the spectral comparison of

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different hydrated salts here on the

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left you have in green so first I'll say

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this is the near-infrared from 1 to 2.5

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microns and reflectance on the y axis in

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green you have Epsom ight and in purple

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you have bischoff it-- so you can see

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that the spectral features are actually

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very similar to each other and this is

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because you're looking at a magnesium

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ion wrapped with six or seven waters and

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then the anions are actually outside of

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it so you're actually really looking at

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hydration state that is the dominant

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feature in the near infrared spectra of

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different hydrated salts and then again

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on the right here you can see gypsum

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which is a classic spectrum everyone who

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sees the spectrum of judgment goes

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that's gypsum except magnesium chlorate

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to h2o also has this triplet at 1.4

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microns and it also has a really weird

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1.9 feature there are differences I'm

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not saying that one is necessarily being

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confused for the other but when we go to

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send missions to other planets we need

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to be very careful to have

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enough resolution and looking at the

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context to understand and make sure that

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we're seeing the right salts so to that

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end I've been relooking at some classic

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salty spectra as I mentioned before

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there's a Columbus crater here on Mars

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again you can see the very nice bathtub

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ring and here to zoom and image of it

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and if we zoom in even further again

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here's that bathtub ring and we can map

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the water the hydration feature that 1.9

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micron feature and start to pull out

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what some of the interesting spectra

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might look like thank you so we can see

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that there's different there's a lot of

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variability even when we just look at

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anything that has a hydration band and

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so again here this might be one of those

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ones that people say aha

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it's gypsum so if we zoom in on it

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further and we can compare start to

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compare it to other salts that have

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similar features to it and then what

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we're what we're trying to do is

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actually create some new parameters that

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will help us identify and distinguish

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between the different salts so since I

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have less than two minutes to go down

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I'll quickly move on to the outer solar

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system and just say that temperature

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also affects the spectra and you can see

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here there's three pairs of spectra my

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knees and chloride to h2o for h2o and 62

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and we have the 80 Kelvin which is

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Europa relevant temperature and then the

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room temperature one and I'll just maybe

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zoom in on this little area here you can

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see that at room temperature it's kind

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of more of a shoulder whereas at 80

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Kelvin it's actually a triplet and more

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of a real band and this is again because

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as I was saying you have the magnesium

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and you have six waters octahedrally

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coordinated to it and you're actually

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seeing the pairs of vibrations so you're

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narrowing the features as you go to

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colder temperature and really starting

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to resolve the individual features to it

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so thinking about Europa there's been a

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lot about the non icy component which

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would be these red regions on the

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right and long story short some

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telescopic observations were done using

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that laboratory spectra that I just

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showed and they found up to on the right

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here 35 weight percent of magnesium

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chlorine salts in the non icy regions

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and about 15 weight percent of magnesium

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perchlorate and then you know so the

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chlorine and the chloride are actually

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not necessarily co-located but typically

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in the non icy region

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so to summarize thinking about how to

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find chlorine salts which of course will

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help us elucidate the habitability of

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any planet that we're going to spectral

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libraries are needed at a range of

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hydration States wavelength ranges and

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temperatures to be able to actually

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identify these salts and yes I said all

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that so I'll just go on to the summary

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which is that the chlorine Sol's do tend

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to be globally distributed Mars we've

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seen them across different ranges and we

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do think that we can actually start to

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identify them with our new special

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parameters

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Europa's non icy non sulfuric acid

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component likely includes chlorine salts

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and it's important to differentiate

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between between the chlorides and

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perchlorates between chlorine salts and

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sulfates because all these salts have

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vastly different effects on the

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habitability and stability of the liquid

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water thank you

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[Applause]

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time for questions for Jen if anyone

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wants to come up does anyone dare it's

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Marty low risk it I think I can it stand

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hi Jen a multi-party JPL wonderful talk

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and also the video that you showed in

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the vetting or

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other questions yeah do you think that

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the grain size will also play an

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important role in respecting property

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absolutely I did not mention it I should

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have absolutely if so I want to pitch in

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here that we there's an excellent

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graduate student from Alyssia who is who

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has built two instrument in our lab we

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are trying to do grain size dependent

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spectroscopy under irradiation for any

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kind of icy material great hi I'm

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Marshall satinsky from University of

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Washington and I just wanted to thank

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you for going into the detail about the

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salts at the start because part of the

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joy of apps icon is I'm not an expert in

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salts and this is session that I wanted

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to go to because it's something that I

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want to shore up some of that gaps in my

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understanding so those sorts of things

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are very helpful for me and I'm sure not

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the only one my pleasure thank you and

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with that let's give her a round of